American Culture The World Of Wrestling - 1242 Words

American culture encompasses many things—football, TV shows like The Walking Dead, food festivals (like our more local Wine and Cheese Festival), and Marvel movies, to name a few. But one of the more enduring, less intelligent and far more scandalous components of our culture is—reality television. Namely shows like Jerry Springer, Maury, and even some of the court TV shows like Judge Judy and The People’s Court. Shows like these take on the same role in our culture that wrestling did in French culture, as Barthes described in World of Wrestling. The public is somewhat aware of the fact that the accounts in these shows are embellished, but they in fact count on this extra acting out. We, as a people, love drama. The shows also have a clearly defined â€Å"victim† (which replaces the role of the â€Å"hero†) and â€Å"bastard.† But, these things have one key difference. While the wrestling matches that Barthes described were expected t o have a certain outcome, with the â€Å"hero† emerging victorious and the â€Å"bastard† being given his just desserts, the outcome of these shows are not as predictable—but the designations of â€Å"victim† and â€Å"bastard† remain unchanged, despite the outcome. It’s pretty common knowledge, at this point, that while the exact situations and people aren’t fake, there is a great deal of embellishment. Reddit users as well as websites like ReelRundown and Vice speculate and give their own accounts about the ways that these producers tweak little details (even down toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis : Never Trust A Snake Essay1514 Words   |  7 PagesPhilosophy and American media scholar writes about wrestling is intended for men as a sport with a melodramatic narrative. Jenkins offers his assessment on professional wrestling. Jenkins suggests that professional wrestling and how professional wrestling with American culture and sports a s an outlet for emotional expression. (Jenkins, 34) Professional wrestling that plays on the Marxist view of the bourgeoisie versus the proletariat. Furthermore, Jenkins proposes that wrestling allows to playRead MoreAnalysis Of `` Our Celebrities `` Ourselves `` By Eliot Gabler And `` Never Trust A Snake Essay928 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Never Trust a Snake’: WWF Wrestling as Masculine Melodrama† by Henry Jenkins, both authors’ essays reflect on American Culture, however, they differ one reflecting the American individual and the other American society. In both essays values such as individualism, societal status and self-invention are discussed. However, Gabler reflects on celebrities self discovery in society while Jenkins focuses on how you can find your place in society as WWF wrestling resembles the American societal structure. Read MoreThe Elaborate Entrance Of Chad Deity1381 Words   |  6 PagesThe Elaborate Entrance of Chad Deity is a satirical play written by playwright Kristoffer Diaz. The play is centered on the absurd, yet implicit racism of the American people. In the play, professional wrestler Macedonia Guerra is constantly battling to promote himself in the world of wrestling. He eventually finds a way to become a famous wrestler, but it involves selling out his values and pretending to be an absurdly inaccurate and stereotypical Mexican character even though he is Puerto RicanRead MoreMexican Icons and Heores970 Words   |  4 PagesThe subject of the website entitled The Films of El Santo is El Santo. Numerous years after his death, El Santo is still an icon of Mexican popular culture. Even though the comic book that originally facilitated him to gain an enormous celebrity status is long gone, his films are still available on tape, DVD, and on the internet. El Santo was born Rodolfo Guzman H uerta in 1917. Huerta would go on to be the most celebrated wrestler in lucha libre. Santo is featured in 54 films, and in these B gradeRead MoreMasculinity and Gender Roles1232 Words   |  5 Pagessports, and entertainment television (Soulliere 2006). The article â€Å"Wrestling with Masculinity: Messages about Manhood in the WWE† by Danielle M. Soulliere (2006), examines messages about manhood revealed by televised professional wrestling (Soulliere 1). Messages concerning masculinity and manhood were investigated and compared to the cultural version of masculinity (Soulliere 2006). Soulliere’s research proves that the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) depicts messages, which supports the dominantRead MoreSpecial Issues Paper1542 Words   |  7 Pagesaudience. In other words, ethics keep you from being inappropriate when you deliver your message. Technology.. well this is a given! If technology were not here today, I would not be able to write my paper or my pres entation that is due. Everyone world wide probably spend the majority of their time in front of some kind of screen. Everyone communicates through technology, either by cell phone talking or text message. Technology has made life almost 100% easier, for everyone. The last word I learnedRead MoreLove Conquers All Trap in the film, The Wrestler1624 Words   |  6 Pagestypical plot structure and unconventional resolution, The Wrestler creatively rejects this master narrative of domesticity. The master narrative is a compelling force that dictates audience’s expectations of stories. Master narratives are steeped in culture and are ingrained into one from a young age. Audiences unwittingly accept the master narrative as how things ought to be. When reading a story or watching a film, the master narrative can be so strong that audiences sometimes cannot accept or areRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Figural 1462 Words   |  6 Pages Figural Portray: American Art in Nineteen Centaury The artwork is an aesthetic autonomous expression by someone on something. This means that artwork always has a life of its own that is very separate and different from other affairs of human beings. The artist making the art will always define the purposes and the functions of his/her arts. Sometimes it may be the public or the market of the arts that will define the functions of the arts. Expression by artists through artworkRead MoreWhen Things Fall Apart By Chinua Achebe918 Words   |  4 Pagespassionate leader of his tribe, the Igbo. Throughout the book he wishes to please the Igbo people, a one way he does that is by distancing himself from his father. To Okonkwo his father was a disgrace, lazy, poor and cowardice. Okonkwo is first seen wrestling and proving his worth to the tribe. He built his home and earned a reputation of a strong diligent farmer. His reputation is reassured by his good crop and agricultural season, and because of this he earns a large sum of cash. His we alth, influenceRead MoreThe Value of Physical Education to the Ancient Greeks and Romans1574 Words   |  7 Pageschanged over different time periods and as a result of ever-changing socio-cultural events. Some civilizations use the practice of physical education to prepare for war, some for profit, and some for a general all-around development. Three ancient cultures are of particular importance to development of physical education. The Athenian Greeks, the Spartan Greeks, and the Romans each had their own beliefs about the mind, body, and spirit. While these early civilizations valued physical development

Energy Is An Important Part Of Our Lives And We Use Energy

Energy is an important part of our lives and we use energy at home, work, and on the road every single day. We use biodiesel, electricity, ethanol, hydrogen, natural gas and propane. No matter where the energy is comes from, there are advantages and challenges to its use. No energy resource is 100%. Biodiesel is a domestically produced. This renewable fuel can be manufactured from vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled restaurant grease for use in diesel vehicles. Biodiesel s is similar to those of petroleum diesel. Electricity lights up our homes, cooks our food, powers our computers, powers our television sets and other electronic devices. Energy of electricity from batteries keeps our cars running and makes our flashlights shine in the dark. Electric energy can be either renewable or non-renewable, depending on the resource that creates it. Ethanol is a renewable fuel. It is made from corn and other plant materials. The use of ethanol is all over the world. Almost all gasoline in the U.S. contains bits and pieces of ethanol. It also produces less greenhouse gas emissions than conventional fuels. Hydrogen, when used in a fuel cell, is an emissions-free alternative fuel. It can be produced from diverse domestic energy sources. Hydrogen can be produced domestically from fossil fuels, nuclear power, or renewable resources. Natural gas, a domestically produced gaseous fuel, is readily available through the utility infrastructure. Whether produced via conventional orShow MoreRelatedHow Does Energy Affect Our Safety Through Our National Security?1493 Words   |  6 Pagesexpensive energy bills can be. I was determined to research a way to save on energy and cut down my bills. While looking through the solutions I came across an intriguing discovery. Over the years energy efficiency has become an epidemic, whether it affects global warming or protecting the environment, saving money or improving the economy; conserving energy has a lot more to it than many people will ever know. Everything we do requires energy. There is heat energy, light energy, mechanical energy, electricalRead MoreThe World Is Without Energy1639 Words   |  7 Pagesbe without energy? Well, the answer is nowhere, the earth wouldn’t exist because there would be no nuclear fission of hydrogen occurring on the sun and the earth the earth would freeze over and fall into darkness. Where would we be if there was no energy? We wouldn’t exist, energy is vital to us it provides us with heat and gives us food to eat, and oxygen to breathe. To be more specific no life would exist without energy, energy is a vital resource to the survival of mankind. Energy has given usRead MoreRenewable Energy : The Beneficial Option For The Future !1227 Words   |  5 PagesRenewable energy; the beneficial option for the future! The threat of global warming is influencing people to become â€Å"greener,† turning to renewable energy options which are often referred to as alternative energy. Renewable energy refers to energy that does not come from burning of fossil fuels or pollutant infused methods to provide energy. It is the harnessing of natural resources that are constantly renewable such as sunlight for solar panels and wind for wind turbines, just to name two (LambRead More Non-Depletable Energy Resources Essay1029 Words   |  5 Pages Non-Depletable Energy Resources Today, much of the world’s energy comes from the processing of fossil fuels like oil, natural gas, and coal. These fossil fuels, however, will not last forever. Fossil fuel supplies are slowly but surely dwindling in numbers and one day we will run out. We need to find different ways to generate energy. Another reason to find different ways to generate energy is that the burning and processing of fossil fuels emit NOx, SOx, CO2, and other particulateRead More Plastics and Our Environment Essay902 Words   |  4 PagesPlastics and Our Environment Works Cited Missing Plastics today play an important part in cutting-edge technologies such as the space program, bullet-proof vests and prosthetic limbs, as well as in everyday products such as beverage containers, medical devices and automobiles. Recycled plastics are used to make polymeric timbers for use in picnic tables, fences, and outdoor toys, thus saving natural lumber. Plastic from 2-liter bottles is even being spun into fiber for the production of carpetRead MoreRenewable Energy Essay813 Words   |  4 PagesStudyonlinenow Renewable Energy Is Only Part of the Best Way to Prevent Climate Change In our present life we are going through two of the main hazardous changes on the Earth, global warming and greenhouse affects. We want mankind to survive for a very long time, but if we keep using non-renewable energies the way we do, do you think we will be able to survive for a long time? I strongly believe that renewable energy is only part of the best way to prevent climate change. In this essay IRead MoreHow We Waste Power and Carbon Dioxide741 Words   |  3 Pagesenough energy to heat water for one thousand cups of tea (Climate Care.org). This is only one of many examples of how we waste power and Carbon dioxide. Almost everything we do releases carbon dioxide emissions, and in different amounts. We can save money and CO2 by reducing our carbon footprints, which is the total quantity of greenhouse gases that someone produces. Although we don’t think about them very often, a carbon footprint is part of everyone’s life because it’s measured on things we us e, ourRead MoreDebating Whether Nuclear Power Should Be Developed for Future Energy Supplies1150 Words   |  5 PagesDeveloped for Future Energy Supplies Introduction I am writing this essay to debate the idea of having nuclear power developed for future use by us. This takes on a major issue and covers many aspects of our nations energy use both in present and for the future. When we think about nuclear power we do not automatically think of it as a non renewable energy source. This is because it is not part of the fossils fuels; coal, oil and gas, which we all know will notRead MoreIs Renewable Energy The Solution For Our Energy Problems?1453 Words   |  6 PagesIs renewable energy the solution to our energy problems? Energy that can be re-used or re-grown in a shorter period of time than, for example, a fossil fuel, is the simplest way of defining renewable energy. It is considered very eco-friendly as energy from resources such as oceans, the sun and the wind contribute very little to pollution overall when producing energy. The energy problem which we are faced with today is critical and governments, scientists and environmentalist continue to searchRead MoreGreen Energy929 Words   |  4 Pagesplace to live. One of the biggest issues is our energy and power sources. Green energy is a term used for sources of power and energy that are environmentally friendly. Basically this includes anything that is renewable energy. Renewable energy is considered energy that is constantly being replaced such as wood, vegetable matter, and trash. Green energy s main focus is to use sources that can cut down on pollution. Some of these sources of power and energy are Biomass energy, geothermal energy, hydropo wer

Vietnam Free Essays

string(175) " in the same fashion as previous war vets \* This was a massive change from before when the ANZACs were treated as heroes \* The tragedy of this was that as much as the Aust\." BIBLIOGRAPHY Author| URL| Retrieved| Skwirk| From the arrival of the first fleet, Vietnam was a divisive issue * Australia deployed a total of 60000 troops, 521 died and 3000 were wounded * In reflection, Vietnam is described as the cause of the greatest political and social dissent and upheaval * Many draft resisters, conscientious objectors, and protesters were fined or jailed, while soldiers met a hostile reception on their return home. The experience of Vietnam lingered with the soldiers for long after they returned home. Social Impacts: * Public response went through several stages during the war. We will write a custom essay sample on Vietnam or any similar topic only for you Order Now * Early on, when Australia’s involvement was minimal with only the role of training Vietnamese soldiers, public opinion was less critical, troops only sent to physically fight in 1965, they were just training South Vietnamese soldiers form 1962 onwards * Many, as was the trend in the early 60s, began to embrace the US connection and hence support resulted * Most agreed with the threat of the communist domino affect(although Menzies masterminded a lot of this), which also led to the acceptance of Australian involvement in the early 60s * Also, in the early 60s, Australia was still very conservative, and the idea of rebellion and challenging authority only set in later in the decade and the 70s. This meant that early on many cautioned from questioning the government’s decision. * As much as war wasn’t ideal, in the early parts, before conscription, Australian’s accepted the war or paid little attention as the Australians fighting were soldiers who joined the Army * The socially divisive impact of Vietnam showed up post 1964 when the National Service Act was introduced. This had the ramifications of sending unwilling Australians to war. Draft resistors who were deemed to not have legitimate excuses were jailed on failing to comply with the National Service Act * They were released in 1972 when Whitlam ended conscription * The amendment of the Act in 1965 confirmed the inevitable that national servants could be deployed overseas, to Vietnam. * First time, an Australian was conscripted to fight outside of Aust. erritory * Socially, some disagreed more with the notion of conscription than the war itself, this maybe hinted at the fact that communist disconten tment was still strong and the Domino theory was real, just not strong enough to make people overlook personal freedoms. * This led to anti-war and anti-conscription protest groups including * DENNIS TEXT * YCAC-Youth Campaign Against Conscription. 1964-7 SOS-Save our Sons. * Formed by parent groups who didn’t want their sons sent to Vietnam. * Formed in 1965, Australia wide, mainly female dominated agency. * Women were accused of being ‘bad mothers’ and communists when they approached MPs or authority * SOS saw many Liberal voters shift to the Labor camp. SOS was one of the first theatres that allowed women expression. * Basically saw ‘everyday suburban’ women become nvolved in politics and taking action to influence political decisions * The women’s movement of the 70s benefitted from anti-conscription lobby groups such as SOS * Draft Resistance Movement. Formed 1968 * The Committee for Defiance of the National Service Act. Formed 1969 * Vie tnam Moratorium Movement * Formed in 1970, by then Vietnam was the longest war we had served in * Took form of peaceful protests involving many Australians from all states. This highlighted the growing opposition, and to some extent shocked the government * ALP, and Gough fed of this massive public demonstration * Moratorium events were on a massive scale and largely peaceful, these demonstrations seemed to have a larger impact on government and political change. The government realised that, non-radical Australians had strong feelings about the war. * Really instigated the decline of Aust. Involvement in the war * The fact that every night, the horrors of Vietnam were broadcasted on Aust. elevision sets, the movement gathered motion * The Movement galvanised the people, the less radical who wouldn’t normally protest, protested such was the intense feelings about the war * This movement actively campaigned for two causes; the abolishment of conscription and the withdrawal of troops from Vietnam * Politically influenced the Labor parties win of the 1972 election, ending 23 years of Liberal rule * Interestingly, only in 1969 however did an opinion poll suggest that a majority opposed the war itself. Up until then, the outcry was mainly rooted in the issue of conscription rather than conflict itself * However, as unrest grew, many anti-conscript groups became anti-war in the hope that only the end of the war would end conscription. * Another massive catalyst for anti-conscript protests was the reporting of the war. * Vietnam is considered the first ‘live war’ where the atrocities occurring were being broadcasted into Australian living rooms. This made sending young Australians into war against their will even more illegitimate. This also led to a questioning of whether this was was ‘just’, or being undertaken in the most human way possible. * This had the effect of also turning many anti-conscript groups, to become anti-war altogether. The fact that Vietnam was ‘live’ also helped the demise of the Liberal government as people had direct evidence to question what the government was getting Australia and particularly our young men into. Follow ing the Labor victory, and Gough Whitlam’s order for withdrawal, social impact for the returning soldiers would ensue * Trade Unions also opposed the war, they labelled it ‘blood for Dollars’ or ‘diggers for dollars’ because they believed we were only fighting to the US would maintain its investment into Australia. This view was not entirely correct * By the latter stages, the larger majority of opposition came from university students. At first, the reaction was modest and many just viewed the war along their preferred political party lines * However, following conscription, uni students began to come out in full force. Some of this sentiment began to be shared in the wider community as the war progressed into the late 60s * One of the major social impacts of the war was the fate of the returned soldiers. Due to the public nature of Vietnam and the atrocities that Australian people witnessed the veterans were not lauded in the same fashion as previous war vets * This was a massive change from before when the ANZACs were treated as heroes * The tragedy of this was that as much as the Aust. You read "Vietnam" in category "Essay examples" People were effected by what they saw, the actual soldiers were scarred far more significantly by what they experienced first hand. * This compounded the negative experience of the returned soldiers as not only where they marginalised they had no-one but each other that could understand what they’d gone through. * These impacts lasted for much longer after the final Aust. Troops returned in 1972. * This has implications for continuity and change as following Vietnam, for the first time national servants and soldiers weren’t treated with the same admiration. The ANZAC reverence that seemed to follow previous veterans didn’t occur with our Vietnam veterans. * This was a massive change in our attitudes towards the army Political Impacts: * On face value, it’s easy to say Vietnam cost the Liberal party government after 23 years of rule * However on closer inspection it is clear that the political consensus on Vietnam varied between 1965-1972 * White Australia Policy ended in 1972 * We opened our borders to non-white refugees. This in itself was cohesive and divisive. Many of these refugees fought alongside our soldiers but we still had this fear of non-white immigrants threatening the ‘Aust. Way of life’ * Discontent politically only really came with Menzies introduction of Conscription on 1964. * However, Holt won the November 1966 election in a massive victory, highlighting that social discontent was not at its peak. Conscription peaked later * The political effect of Vietnam also became more prominent post 1967 when Edward Gough Whitlam became leader of the opposition. He lead a fierce campaign against conscription which captivated a swing of Liberal voters to the Labor party * This is when the protest movement as well peaked and was in full flight * 1969 election, under Gorton highlighted the swing of voters. From the ALPs flogging of 1966 they increased their share in the House of Reps from 41 to 59 seats highlighting the change in votes. * The Liberal advantage was only 7 seats now * Whitlam would go on to win the 1972 election with promises of withdrawal from Vietnam and the abolishment of conscription. The political landscape was finally shifting to progressivism after many years on conservative rule. This also began to happen on a state level * WA, NSW, TAS and SA all went from Liberal to Labour in elections between 1972-1975 shortly after the war * The Liberal’s National Services Act, was the single policy that really brought about the downfall of the Government * In terms of Political party support, the all major parties supported the war early on * Liberal support continued throughout * The DLP were very anti-communist so also supported the war. The ALP slowly began to oppose the war, as a means of attacking the government and also their disapproval also spiked when conscription was introduced * Gough Whitlam no doubt used the divisive nature, and ALPs disapproval of Vietnam to the most advantage. * Trade Unions also opposed the war, they labelled it ‘blood for Dollars’ or Ã¢â‚¬Ë œdiggers for dollars’ because they believed we were only fighting to the US would maintain its investment into Australia. This view was not entirely correct VIEWPOINTS ON THE VIETNAM WAR At the start of the period(1962) the perspective was that sending willing soldiers(not conscripts) was fine * Early on, when Australia’s involvement was minimal with only the role of training Vietnamese soldiers, public opinion was less critical, troops only sent to physically fight in 1965, they were just training South Vietnamese soldiers form 1962 onwards * We had to protect ourselves from the communist menace as well as honour our obligations as port of SEATO and ANZUS * Menzies masterminded a lot of the fear that convinced us that war was right * We were still quite conservative, trusted govt decisions * The gruesome nature of the war was not yet revelealed At Menzies announcement of sending troops in 1965, many different perspectives on the conflict emerged. Some more valid than others. * A lot thought communism was worth fighting against but found that conscripting to do so undermined other rights that were held dearly in a modern democracy * This fuelled anti-conscription protests as the reality that young men unwillingly could be sent to Vietnam. Most anti-war groups played on the injustice that this exemplified. * Importantly, the horrors of Vietnam exposed through media had not yet peaked so the atrocities that were taking place weren’t as well known about which led to that not being such a big anti-war factor. Some factions believed that training up a military was justifiable as we had done from 1962-65, but fighting for the South Vietnamese in what was really Vietnam’s civil war was not right. The idea of getting involved in other people’s business emerged * The Government claimed that as part of our SEATO agreement we were obligated to assist the fight against communism in South East Asia, i. e Vietnam. * The grey area with this is that, what does ‘assisting’ constitute? Was training the army enough or should we be physically fighting for the anti-communist forces. CONTINUITY AND CHANGE * CHANGE * During and following Vietnam, Australians began to question authority more. Beforehand, they were well trained to trust the governments judgement, but what Vietnam revealed was that governments aren’t always right * This questioning came to full voice during the Vietnam protests but overall the experience changed Australia into a more progressive country that no longer was content to swallow everything the government told them * This represented change as previously, we were much more conservative * The exposure to ‘speaking out’ gained from the late 60s during the Vietnam years also may have had some impact on the social movements that picked up in the late 60s, early 70s(lagging behind America) * Women probably benefitted most as movements such as SOS, gave them a voice and they continued to use that to instigate change in the 70s * The general shift from conservatism was highlighted politically as well as socially. Vietnam played a major factor in Whitlam and the ALP winning government for the first time in 23 years in 1972. Political change * The change was also solidified on a state level as WA, NSW, SA and Tasmania all elected Labor governments in elections between 1972-1975 s hortly after the war. Highlighting the progressivism emerging Australia wide * People wanted change with Vietnam, and to an extent the White Australia policy and Whitlam delivered that. Also note that many too were uncomfortable with the end of White Australia as well. * The attitudes towards soldiers and veterans changed significantly for the worst. No longer where they held in such high esteem amongst society * The tragedy of this was that most of them were in desperate need for help and received little to no support other than from the RSL. * This was the first ‘live war’ as some called it. For the first time, citizens had a relatively clear understanding of what occurred in the battlefields * CONTINUITY * The war emphasised the continuation of ANZUS. We stayed with the US right till the end effectively with us withdrawing in ‘72, a year before the last US troops * Despite the political outcry, politically we were still militarily tied to the US. We still are today * Second war with the US, first Korea then Vietnam GROUPS AFFECTED * ABORIGINALS * Aboriginals were exempt from national service, many didn’t even know their birthdate so including them in a fair ballot was difficult * The Department for Labour and National Service (DLNS) pushed for the removal of exemption but it never happened as only some states had accurate birth records and some didn’t making conscription difficult. * VETERANS * Received little support after the war * Weren’t lauded as national heroes like the ANZACS were * Suffered from mental trauma * YOUTHS The war inspired them and affected them greatly to make them speak out on a large scale for the first time in history * One of the largest groups that embodied the progressive cultu re that was emerging * Vietnam, and the distrust of government fuelled their rebellion against authority during the 60s and 70s * FAMILIES * WOMEN * Had a greater influence on politics for the first time * Definitely, they gained confidence from their first exposure to speaking out COHESION: * Youths voice * Youths gained a greater expression in society; this was seen by their major roles in demonstrations. * This impact however can also be seen as a divisive argument because a link to the new ‘teenage rebellion’ that followed Vietnam is quite noticeable * Women’s new status * Similarly to youths, women gained a new voice and expression during Vietnam. * Never before had they been so active in making their views on political policies known. This was the first time effectively where their actions influenced policy this was seen by the effect groups like SOS etc. had on shifting power form the Liberals to the ALP. T * his newfound voice gave them confidence to push for other reforms in the women’s movement. * The Vietnam war changed the status of women in society forever and widely this was accepted as a good thing. * Progressive mindset * Vietnam brought out a new progressive mindset in Australians that had barely seen the light of day under the conservative rule of the Menzies government. * Vietnam made people more judgmental and progressive in their thinking as the war made them realise that they shouldn’t swallow everything the government tells them. This change was evident by the swing of voters to the ALP and away from Liberal * Australia was never going to be as conservative * This was on the whole a good thing but opinion would still be split as the overall effect was that now government’s had less influence as people were now thinking for themselves * This idea of ‘thinking for yourselves’ scared some conservatives. * The change was evident in Federal politics with Whitlam’s election in 1972, but also on a state level the shift was taking place * WA, NSW, TAS and SA all went from Liberal to Labour in elections between 1972-1975 shortly after the war * DIVISIVE: * The treatment of returned Servicemen * This was a major issue Many of the retuned soldiers weren’t lauded as heroes * Some of them felt the cold treatment was unjust especially seeing some were forced(conscripted) to fight * Conscription: * Most divisive aspect other than maybe the war itself * Divisive on a few levels * Limited rights * Sent soldiers into one of the most atrocious battlefields, the public knew this because of what the media showed them * Left them scarred even after they came home. * The War itself: * Chemical weapons * The media brought this side of the war to peoples living rooms * Scarring of soldiers * Conscription * Removal of rights * ethics * How ethical was it to be getting over involved in Vietnams own civil How to cite Vietnam, Essay examples

Future Of Nursing For Leading Change - Advancing Health

Question: Explain about The Future of Nursing for Leading Change, Advancing Health? Answer: Introduction: Nursing profession is the largest segment with more than 3 million members, working for the nations health care. Nurses play a vital role in the patient care. Due to number of barriers the nurses are not able to work effectively in the changing health care system (Bleich, 2011). It should be ensured that barriers are overcome and nurses work properly to lead change in health care system. Image Retrieved from The Future of Nursing. A two year initiative in year 2008 was launched by The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) and the IOM (Institute of Medicine) in which it was told how to transform and access the nursing profession (Bleich, 2012). On the initiative of RWJF on future nursing a committee was appointed by IOM. The purpose of the initiative was to produce a report that make recommendation for an action oriented blue print of future nursing. These recommendations support the efforts of nurses to improve health of US population by delivery of care through nurses. The four key messages developed by the committee are: Practice to be done by the nurses at the full extent of their training and education. Higher level of education and training are achieved through an improved education system which also promotes seamless academic progression. For redesigning health care in US, nurses act as a full partner with the physicians and other health professionals. A better information infrastructure and data collection is required for planning and policy making of effective workforce. The complete health care system of United States is transformed and role played by the nurses in this transformation is vital. The complete health system not only depend on the nurses but also the government, insurance industry, businesses and heath care organisation all work together for improved health care outcomes(Kershaw, 2011). The RWJF foundation focuses on pressing the health and health care issues faced by the country and works with a group of organisation and individuals that helps in finding the solutions and achieving the changes in health system. This foundation provide a balanced approach to all health related problems, a complete care and healthier lives is the difference made by foundation in peoples lifetime. The IOM report is about the future health care system in the country. According to the report nurses in future will play a major role in safe and quality health care and coverage of all patients in our health care system ('NURSING RESEARCH', 1982). Few recommendations are discussed in the report such as: The nurses registered for advance practice should complete their complete training and education in this regard. An expanded opportunity is to be provided to the nurses in collaboration with the physicians or other health care team members, to conduct research and to improve and redesign practice environment and health care system. The health care organisation also provides opportunities to the nurses to diffuse successful practices. After completion of the advanced degree programme, nurses should be supported for completion of their nurse residency programme and action to be taken by state board of nursing, health care organisation and federal government. Academic nurse leaders of all the nursing school works together to increase the proportion of nurses with a baccalaureate degree from 50 to 80 percent by 2020. With the increasing diversity number of nurses with doctorate is also to be doubled by 2020.The programmes for nursing to be funded by the public and private health resources, including service administration, so that these programmes of degree should be accelerated and more doctoral and graduate nurses to be produced and in turn increase in the diversity of nurse faculty and researchers. Health care organisation should ensure that the nurses should be engaged in lifelong learnings complete skills and knowledge is needed to become competent to provide care to the population across lifespan. Nursing educations and Nursing programmes prepares the nursing workforce for the leadership positions across all levels and to ensure these leadership positions to be available and be filled by the nurses. Infrastructure to be build for collection and analysis of workforce data. Its workforce commission in collaboration with state nursing workforce and department of labour to ensure that data to be timely and publicly accessible. Appropriate plans and targets to be made by the workforce commission for increasing supply of the health professionals and also includes adequate nursing expertise. Action Coalitions: Action collations act as a driving force for the future of nursing. Its a broad, national effort, where nurses act as an essential partner in a health care system which focuses on patient centred care (Smith, 2013). This coalition comprises of a diverse group of stake holders from different sectors and mission to issue a strategy plan based on collation implementation efforts. Capturing best practices, tracking learned lessons and identifying replicable models are the further initiatives of action coalition. The future nursing report in Georgia, 400 nursing leaders has joined the GNA (Georgia Nurses Association) for the implementation of future of nursing, as part of nationwide campaign.GNA actively act as leader in fundraising and finalising the grant of RWJ state implementation. ('The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health', 2011) These efforts made Georgia to be the first state to be an action coalition. Nursing profession in Georgia is transforming at a great pace, to improve the health and health care in the state. Passing of the bills helps in removing the barriers for nurses to order the radiological images and also support in nursing workforce data collection. The coalition also receives the funding from RWJF for advance nurse education in the state. Top priorities of the coalition are to remove practice barriers and to increase the number of nurses with doctoral degrees. Conclusion: The future of nursing, leading change, advancing health is through examination for nurses role, education and responsibilities are changed to meet the needs of increasing diverse population and to respond to the evolving and complex health care system (Goeschel, 2011). Hence the future nurses should be completely educated and be trained with the complete skills and training at intervals to be given so that be competent future health care system. Leadership skills are often developed to nursing and health care ('NURSING RESEARCH AND THE FUTURE', 1970). References Bleich, M. (2011). IOM report, The Future Of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health: Milestones and challenges in expanding nursing science.Res. Nurs. Health,34(3), 169-170. Bleich, M. (2012). Leadership Responses to The Future of Nursing.JONA: The Journal Of Nursing Administration,42(4), 183-184. Goeschel, C. (2011). The future of nursing: leading change, advancing health stories to ignite the transformation.Nursing In Critical Care,16(5), 217-219. Kershaw, B. (2011). The Future of Nursing Leading Change, Advancing HealthThe Future of Nursing Leading Change, Advancing Health.Nursing Standard,26(7), 31-31. NURSING RESEARCH. (1982).Cancer Nursing,5(3), 238. NURSING RESEARCH AND THE FUTURE. (1970).Nursing Research,19(2), 99. Smith, D. (2013). Coalition Government and Party Mandate: How Coalition Agreements Constrain Ministerial Action.West European Politics,36(4), 885-886. The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. (2011).Choice Reviews Online,48(10), 48-5720-48-5720.

Architextuality Preservation of the Urban Built Environment

Architextuality Preservation of the Urban Built Environment Material Culture Summary: Architexturality: An Argument in Favor of Creative Preservation of the Urban Built Environment This article was written by Michelle Metro-Rolland. It explores how the various levels of historical structures are preserved in the cities that are struggling with rapid development and modernization (Critical Conservation par. 1). Most cities that have historical structures were analyzed. Moreover, various ways of preserving the structures were identified.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Architextuality: Preservation of the Urban Built Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article has been introduced with definition of the term ‘city environment’. Moreover, the importance of history in the development of the cities has been highlighted. The writer identifies the well being in several city landscapes in the United States, Europe, and the Far East. The historical structure s offer an in-depth understanding of the political, economical, and social practices of the people who developed the cities (Rypkema 4). The author argues that while the past should be appreciated, it is also vital to embrace modernity. The article identifies available methods that are used in the preservation of urban structures. Several international bodies that enforce international laws and policies are currently available. They mainly target the preservation of historical sites in the cities (Critical Conservation par. 2). These bodies create awareness on the need of preserving monumental structures located in cities. Some of these organizations include UNESCO, HUL, and ICOMOS. The art of preservation of the monumental structures emerged in the late 19th century. Currently, several countries have et up laws and policies that are aimed at preserving important historical structures in their respective cities (Rypkema 4). The author managed to identify several challenges facing th e preservation of structures that belonged to old cities. The most outstanding challenge is the deplorable status of the old structures. Most of them are inhabitable and thus, pose danger to the city dwellers. The environmental conditions of the houses are also not suitable for settlement. Furthermore, modern lifestyles and living conditions have made most of these structures to be inhabitable. Since such structures cover large city areas in Eastern Europe and the U.S. it becomes quite cumbersome to maintain those structures in their original states. The author is also quite categorical that most of the monumental structures in the cities are privately owned. This poses a significant danger towards the preservation of such structures since governments have limited control on development projects carried out on privately owned properties. However, the author highlights some ways in which privately owned monumental structures have been renovated and utilized in the modern world.Advert ising Looking for article on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As much as the use of the structures is not similar to the original use of the structure during the historical times, it has proved to be an effective way of preserving the monumental structures without undertaking major modifications (Rypkema 5). Some of the structures that are owned by the state are used as museums and tourist attraction centers. As a matter of fact, reusing the structures proves to be a better way of preserving them (Built Environment par. 6). The writer acknowledges the importance of buildings as a form of history preservation since movable historical artifacts can easily be lost, stolen, or destroyed. The author appreciates the modernization of the cities but believes that it can still be done without destroying the historical structures. He also visualizes that any city is a very rich historical landscape that c an offer the story of its settlers and the changes that have taken place in the social-political settings of its environment (Built Environment par. 5). Built Environment. 2013. Web. Critical Conservation. 2013. Web. https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/ Rypkema, Donovan. Celebrating Our Urban Heritage: Globalization, Urban Heritage, and the 21st century Economy. Global Urban Development Magazine 1.1(2005): 1-8. Web. globalurban.org/Issue1PIMag05/Rypkema%20PDF.pdf

Why Were British Forces Militarily Superior To American Forces In The

Why Were British Forces Militarily Superior To American Forces In The Why Were British Forces Militarily Superior To American Forces In The First Years Of The War How – Coursework Example American and British Strengths and Weaknesses al affiliations This essay analyzes the main strengths and weaknesses of American and British forces during the American Revolution. Key words: American forces, British forces, Revolution, war.American and British Strengths and Weaknesses Despite the superiority of British military forces in the 18th century, the Americans were able to win the war â€Å"for their rights, their independence, and their liberty† (â€Å"The American Revolution.†). How did this happen? What helped American nation to prevail over the British Empire, the dominant European power? There were many reasons for such an outcome. Both sides had advantages and disadvantages. In April 1775, when the war started, the odds were against American forces. Britain had larger population, trained and experienced army, allies, and wealth. According to â€Å"The American Revolution.†, â€Å"Britain’s military was the best in the world. Their soldiers w ere well equipped, well disciplined, and well fed.† Funds were used to hire mercenaries from other countries to fight the Americans. What is more, most Americans did not want to fight, and they were hoping to settle all controversial issues peacefully. British Empire maintained its position until 1777. But American leaders were qualified, clever and high-principled. The battle of Saratoga was crucial. It helped Patriots to retreat and increase their forces. Also, in early 1778, France recognized American independence and became an ally. The war got more expensive â€Å"and the British population debated its necessity† (â€Å"The American Revolution.†). Soldiers were tired and far from home. â€Å"Military orders, troops, and supplies sometimes took months to reach their destinations† (â€Å"The American Revolution.†). It all offered hope and courage to continue the struggle for independence. In conclusion, it should be said that Americans showed the ir strength of will and powerful faith. Despite all the difficulties, they sustained the Revolution and won the war.ReferenceThe American Revolution. (n.d.). In U.S. History Online Textbook. Retrieved from ushistory.org/us/11.asp

The Methodology of Risk Decreasing and Fraud Operations Avoiding with Essay

The Methodology of Risk Decreasing and Fraud Operations Avoiding with Payment Cards of International Payment Systems - Essay Example As the discussion stresses the great quantity of these methods gives us an opportunity to choose the most suitable for each specific task, for each kind of database. This paper declares that systems analysis of multiple risks is used when we have no considerable database of certainly fraud operations, which represents different fraud kinds. The idea of using this methodology lied in developing of system classification by degree and level of risk and situation recognition of given classification. Alaric, a company, which specializes on banking systems, insists that fractal systems of fraud prevention, based on adjusted rules with using Bayes logic, are more effective then neuronets. But the high result production of there systems can be reached only after 4 months for banks with great quantity of emitted cards and high branched acquirer system. The neuronet can help to create a mechanism of operation stream evaluation, which will be based on special rules. Firstly, these rules are defined by experts, later changed and corrected with system. This function is necessary system component, as the fraud methods are changed as times goes by, and detectin g them mechanically, we’ll miss more refined and, surely, more detrimental for a bank. The second task is trivial enough. For topology identification can be used next algorithms of local optimization with calculation of partial derivatives of first order; local optimization with calculation of partial derivatives of first and second orders.

Preceptor Scenario Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Preceptor Scenario - Coursework Example 3). Jackie, a thirty-one-year old Japanese with two children was complained by her preceptor. The preceptor approached the manager and stated that the new nurse doesn’t listen to her and might be the least intelligent person she has ever met. The preceptor wondered how this new nurse made it to nursing school and wanted to be demoted as the new nurse’s preceptor. The manager told the preceptor to wait until she finds a replacement. While walking through the unit, the manager overheard the senior nurse belittling the new nurse in front of a group of peers. No one dared to say anything to the senior nurse and the new nurse was already upset of the situation. As the manager, the uncomfortable situation between the preceptor and the new nurse seems to be alarming and needs to be addressed promptly to avoid serious complications. The manager may call the senior nurse and the new nurse in a private conference so that none of them will feel intimidated and can freely verbalize issues and conflicts. The case of preceptorship is like meeting two strangers (Fitzpatrick& Wallace, 2009, p. 132) and by having a conversation, the senior nurse might understand the reason why the new nurse does not listen to her (e.g., language barrier) and the new nurse might address areas of change (e.g., enhancing comprehension).

PRINCESS DIANA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PRINCESS DIANA - Essay Example Being a free soul, she loved music and dancing. Also, she was quite fond of the popular culture and even after her divorce, later in 1982, she maintained her celebrity image amongst the masses. She was also deeply indulged in charitable causes including HIV AIDS, homeless and especially children with needs. Her leadership skills developed over time eventually and after consistent mentoring by Stephen Twigg, her personality transformed from that of a suicidal woman trapped in royalty to courageous women world stage performer. Furthermore, James Hewitt and Oliver Hoare turned out to be quite positive influence on her personality and helped her move forward. However, having met Hasnat Khan, she found a renewed sense of companionship and confidence in herself which transformed her leadership skills (Morton 1994). As a human being, Lady Diana was quite generous and kind. She was often found spending time in hospitals, old folk homes and various institutions. It is also said that her soul was dissatisfied and distressed, and devoting her time to Charity helped her with the healing process. She was also quite nurturing in nature as she spent a lot of time with her sons and taught them about the life outside the palace. Also, she reflected her celebrity image not just in Britain but also globally as she actively participated in charitable events around the globe including the Red Cross. During her marriage, she was acquainted to about 100 charities as Patron or President. She was also quite creative in character, and her interest and fascination with music led toward accomplishing various titles and awards. She motivated people by spreading a positive aura and sense of affection amongst others, especially the less well off. People responded with gratefulness and an even higher sense of affection toward her. Not only did they reciprocated her contributions with immense acknowledgement but also they gave her a very high

DNA Transformation in Bacteria

DNA Transformation in Bacteria 1.0 Introduction and Objectives The ability of bacteria to incorporate DNA from external sources is the primary reason for their survival and proliferation. Bacteria can take DNA from their surroundings or from other bacterial cells by cell wall-transfer. While an interesting phenomenon to examine for scientists, practically it is of great concern for the human race and a source of constant challenge for the Pharmaceutical Industry. The ability of bacteria to modify their genetic information has given rise to problems such as antibiotic resistance wherein bacteria become resistant to medications that were once effective in eliminating them. In this experiment, we examine the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Circular DNA called plasmids are introduced in bacteria whose cells have been modified to promote uptake of plasmid DNA. This plasmid DNA will give rise to antibiotic resistance in the bacteria, which can be observed by allowing the bacteria to proliferate in an environment containing the antibi otic. Modification of genetic information in bacteria may be a source of concern, but that ability in the hands of humans has always been coveted. Genetic engineering is an increasingly popular research area given the breakthroughs made in recent years and the potential for commercial application. Various applications require large quantities of specific DNA sequences and this is where the bacterial ability to uptake DNA and reproduce it is beneficial. Introducing plasmids containing desired sequences into bacteria, allowing bacteria to reproduce and then isolating the required DNA is a common method used to obtain large quantities of particular DNA sequences. This aspect is also explored in this experiment. 1.1 Objectives The objectives of this experiment are to: a) Observe and examine the phenomenon of DNA Transformation. b) Observe the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria through the process of gene transformation. c) Inculcate proper Sterile Technique for laboratory procedures involving bacterial strains. 2.0 Principles This section explores the underlying concept behind the experiment. Genetic Transformation is a process of horizontal gene transfer whereby DNA from the environment is taken up by a host cell. In this experiment bacterial cells are transformed. Escherichia Coli bacteria, which are generally non pathogenic are used in this experiment. The plasmids which constitute the external DNA contain a gene that makes the cell ampicillin resistant. Ampicillin is a bacteriostatic and will normally prevent the reproduction of E. Coli bacteria. This provides us with an easy way to test if gene transformation has occurred and to what extent by means of calculating the transformation efficiency. The introduction of genetic material within the bacterial cell is done by the process of electroporation. Electroporation involves applying an electrical voltage across the bacterial cells containing the plasmids. The ionic concentration of the DNA is kept low to prevent arcing. When the voltage is applied, holes open up in the walls of the bacteria. The plasmids can then enter the bacterial cells through these holes. Application of the voltage is done for a very short period of time. As soon as electric current stops flowing, the holes in the cell wall begin to close. A nutrient rich medium is then added to the bacterial cells, some of which will have transformed, to aid cell recovery. Incubation is then carried out, after which the cell suspension is diluted further and applied to agar plates containing the antibiotic. The cells are left to incubate for up to 24 hours and then the number of colonies determined. Calculating the transformation efficiency gives us a method to determine the extent to which the transformation occurred. 3.0 Methods and Materials 3.1 Materials The equipment and materials required for this experiment are outlined in this section. Equipment Required: A shaking incubator operating at 37ÃÅ'Ã…  C A non-shaking incubator An electroporator Materials Required: Cells treated for competency 2 agar plates with ampicillin with a concentration of 100 Â µg/ml pUC-19 plasmids 0.1 cm cuvettes Ice in an ice-box Deionised ultrapure water S.O.C. medium at room temperature 2 tubes with snap caps with a volume of 15 ml 3.2 Sterile Technique Sterile Technique is a must when handling pathogenic strains of bacteria. In this experiment, nonpathogenic bacterial strains are employed. However, using sterile technique is still good experimental procedure and promotes safety. Using sterile technique prevents errors in experimental results by preventing contamination from the surroundings. It also prevents contamination of the surrounding environment by the bacterial strain. Steps employed to prevent contamination included: Carrying out the experiment in an uncluttered area. Utilizing a fume hood to perform all procedures involving the bacteria. Washing hands both before as well as after the experiment Disposing off all bacterial waste in the appropriate container for bio-hazardous materials. 3.3 Procedure 3.3.1 Preparation for Electroporation The 0.1 cm cuvettes were cooled on ice. The electroporator was prepared based on prescribed settings. In order to bring the S.O.C. medium to room temperature, it was removed from the ice box. The cells and plasmids were allowed to thaw in the ice-box. Plates were heated at 37ÃÅ'Ã…  C to prepare for the incubation process. 3.3.2 Procedures I Â µl of pUC19 control DNA and 1 Â µl of ultrapure water were added to 2 separate microcentrifuge tubes with the aid of a pipette. The tube was then placed in the ice-box. 25 Â µl of competent cells were added to each of the microcentrifuge tubes. The contents of the tubes were gently mixed. Care was taken to avoid usage of the pipette for mixing. The tubes were then returned to the ice-box for 1 minute. The contents of each microcentrifuge tube were transferred to a cuvette using a pipette. It was ensured that the cells made contact with the cuvette walls and that no air-bubbles were present. This step was done rapidly to prevent heating up of the cells. The cuvettes were then electroporated. 250 Â µl of S.O.C. medium was added to the cells immediately after electroporation. Each of the two suspensions was transferred to a 15 ml tube. The shaking incubator was then set to 225rpm and used to incubate the cells for an hour to allow expression of the acquired antibiotic resistance. 10 Â µl of the transformed sample was then added to 90 Â µl of S.O.C. medium. The plates containing the ampicillin were then used. 20 Â µl of each of the two diluted samples from step 7 was added to a plate. Even spreading of the sample on the agar medium was ensured. Using the non-shaking incubator, the plates were incubated at 37 ÃÅ'Ã…  C for a day and the results recorded. 4.0 Results and Discussion 4.1 Results Answers to Questions (1) Schematic of observations of the agar plates: Figure 1: Results as Indicated by the Agar Plates (2) Count the colonies and calculate the transformation efficiency. Number of colonies observed = 13 Figure 2: Calculation of Transformation Efficiency Using the formula shown in figure 2, Transformation efficiency = 1.78 1010 transformants/Â µg plasmid DNA 4.2 Discussion Answers to Questions (1) Define the vocabulary used in this experiment: transformation, electroporation, host, plasmid, and competent. -Transformation Transformation is a process of horizontal gene transfer whereby DNA present in the environment of a cell is taken up by the cell. In this experiment the transformation involves the uptake of a plasmid containing a marker that results in ampicillin resistance by E. Coli bacteria through electroporation. -Electroporation Electroporation involves subjecting cells to an electric voltage to create holes in the cell wall. External material can then enter the cell through these holes. Natural processes then cause the hole to close and return the cell to its original state. -Host An organism that harbours a parasite is called a host. -Plasmid A plasmid is circular extra-chromosomal DNA. -Competent A competent cell is one which can internalise DNA present in its external environment. Competence can either be natural or artificial. (2) State why E. coli is used in many genetic engineering experiments. The popularity of Escherichia Coli for genetic experiments is due to various reasons. Firstly, most E. Coli strains are non-pathogenic and pose no harm to humans. Safety is a significant factor in the laboratory and E. Coli use is generally safe. Secondly, E. Coli grow easily and can be duplicated through metagenics. Thirdly, their genetic make-up is relatively simple and can be manipulated with ease. Fourthly they have been extensively studied and a lot is known about them. This makes it easier for researchers and they therefore prefer to use E. Coli for genetic engineering experiments. (3) Explain why competent cells, ampicillin, and S.O.C. medium were used for the transformation. Competent cells are necessary as transformation involves taking external genetic material into the cell. If cells are not competent this cannot happen and the experiment cannot be carried out successfully. Ampicillin is an antibiotic. Specifically, it is a bacteriostatic for E. Coli. It helps distinguish between bacteria that have taken up the plasmid and those that have not. This is because the plasmid contains a marker that causes ampicillin resistance. E. Coli cells do not naturally contain the genetic sequence that causes ampicillin resistance. Thus, ampicillin selection is possible to distinguish between transformed cells and untransformed cells. S.O.C. medium contains the nutrients required to help cells stabilise after electroporation. Electroporation introduces holes into the cell wall of the cell and therefore causes destabilisation of the cell. S.O.C medium contains yeast extract and other nutrient sources that help the cell recover. Once the cell has recovered and if the plasmid has entered the cell during electroporation, the cell will multiply and give rise to a colony during the incubation period. (4) Explain the purpose of the controls in this experiment. The control in this experiment constitutes bacteria without the plasmid that inculcates antibiotic resistance. Without this extra piece of genetic information to enable the bacteria to mount defences against the attack of the antibiotic, ampicillin is this case, the bacterial cells will be unable to multiply in a medium that contains the antibiotic. The cells that were treated such that they could incorporate the plasmid DNA into their genetic make-up will be able to multiply in a medium where ampicillin is present as long as there are enough nutrients available for growth. Thus, the control helps us show that the DNA plasmid was indeed taken up and incorporated into their genetic make-up by the bacteria. The only way for E. coli to have survived with ampicillin present is if they had taken up the plasmid and transmitted it to all generations when they reproduced after uptake of the plasmid. Hence, the control serves to confirm uptake of the plasmid as well as its transmission to fol lowing generations by comparing it to cells in the control that did not have the extra DNA. (5) Explain how the colony growth relates to gene transformation. A colony of bacteria stems from the binary fission of one single bacterial cell. When bacteria reproduce vertical genetic transfer occurs whereby the offspring has the exact copy of the genetic material of the parent. In this experiment, bacteria are introduced into a medium containing the antibiotic ampicillin. E. Coli bacteria with their original genetic make-up will be unable to reproduce due to the presence of the antibiotic as they do not have the means necessary to resist antibiotic attack. This is what is expected in the control sample as ampicillin is a bacteriostatic.. The positive sample on the other hand has bacteria which have undergone horizontal gene transfer by transformation. The plasmid DNA that was used for the transformation process contains genetic code that results in E.Coli developing ampicillin resistance. Thus, bacteria that can incorporate this plasmid and pass it on to their offspring by vertical gene transfer can grow in the environment. This is how colony growth relates to gene transformation. (6) Describe how ionic strength of DNA solution affects electroporation. The ionic strength of DNA solution comes into play due to the electroporation stage where holes are created in the bacterial cell wall to allow uptake of the plasmid by transmission of an electric voltage. For this step, the ionic strength of the solution must be low. If the ionic strength is high, arcing will occur. Arcing is visible during the experiment by sparks and a sound like a micro-scale thunderclap. It can cause cell death as well as equipment damage. Thus, for the experiment to be carried out successfully and to safeguard the apparatus, the DNA solution must be of low ionic strength. (7) If your transformation efficiency is lower than 1 109 cfu/ÃŽ ¼g, conjecture and explain potential reasons for the low efficiency. The transformation efficiency is greater than the benchmark stated above. This corresponds to good transformation efficiency and indicates a successful transformation process. However, the close clustering of the colonies makes it possible that some of the colonies are satellite colonies rather than transformed colonies. The experiment could be repeated with a higher concentration of ampicillin to obtain more reliable results. (8) Discuss current and potential applications of gene transformation techniques in biotechnology. Gene transformation techniques play a crucial role in biotechnology. This is because gene transformation provides a method to produce copies of desired DNA sequences. This is especially useful in the pharmaceutical industry to develop medications that are target specific. Also, this could potentially lead the way to genetic engineering, where defects to the genetic code could be repaired and desired traits inserted through addition of the corresponding DNA sequences. Gene replacement therapy could prove to be the cure for nearly all diseases that take human lives contemporarily. In the future gene transformation could be used to engineer human beings and other animals and plants according to desired specifications. Genetic transformation is also used in the development of pest-resistant crops, which could potentially increase the productivity of the land. This could be key to feed the ever-growing population as the quantity of agricultural land decreases. Understanding the evolution of drug resistance could help us devise ways of preventing drug resistance as well as developing drugs that can overcome resistance. In this arena gene transformation plays an important role horizontal genetic transfer is a natural process in bacteria. 4.3 Sources of Error and Suggestions for Improvement There are a few sources of error that could result in incorrect conclusion being drawn from experimental results. (i) The number of colonies seen need not correspond to the bacteria that transformed. This could be due to the growth of satellite colonies. Large bacterial colonies will secrete beta lactamase, which is what causes ampicillin resistance. Thus, the area around the colony will contain this secretion and be ampicillin-free. A satellite colony could grow in this area from untransformed cells. To avoid this problem, the incubation period should strictly be restricted to 24 hours. Satellite colonies emerge after a delay. By ensuring that results arr recorded promptly, the interference in results brought about by satellite colonies can be minimised. Another method is to use a higher concentration of ampicillin. More time will be required to create a antibiotic-free zone around a colony if the concentration of antibiotic is high. (ii) Identifying the number of colonies can be difficult, especially if the size of the colony is miniscule. This could result in an incorrect calculation of transformation efficiency. In order to increase accuracy of results, a different selection marker can be used. Some selection markers have properties that can be distinguished by shining UV light and other such techniques which result in a high contrast. Using these markers may result in higher reliability of results. (iii) Distinguishing between colonies can be difficult if they grow close to one another and appear to be one large colony. Also, closer colonies would also result in a higher chance of there being satellite colonies. To minimise this problem, crowding on the plate must be minimised. For that, a higher concentration of ampicillin could be used, carbenicillin selection could be used instead of ampicillin selection (although expensive) or the nutrient dilution could be adjusted such that it discourages very rapid proliferation. 5.0 Conclusions The objectives of this experiment were to explore the phenomenon of gene transformation and the development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria as well as to inculcate the practice of sterile technique for handling bacteria. Gene transformation was observed with the development of ampicillin resistance in transformed Escherichia Coli bacteria. The bacteria not exposed to the plasmids containing the genes for antibiotic resistance did not grow in an environment containing the antibiotic while the transformed bacteria formed colonies in the same environment. A calculation of transformation efficiency returned a value of 1.78 1010 transformants/Â µg of plasmid DNA, which is greater than the threshold of 109, indicative of a successful experiment. However, the possibility of some of the 13 colonies of bacteria being satellite colonies as opposed to transformed colonies reduces the reliability of the results. Methods to increase reliability of results were therefore suggested. References 1. Port, Tami. (2008, June 14). Bacteria Horizontal Gene Transfer. suite101.com. Retrieved 3rd April, 2010 from http://bacteriology.suite101.com/article.cfm/bacteria_horizontal_gene_transfer 2. Metzenberg, Stan. (2002). Bacterial Plasmids. California State University Northridge Department of Biology. Retrieved 4th April, 2010 from http://escience.ws/b572/L2/L2.htm

George Orwells 1984 and Today Essay -- Television 1984 Freedom Essays

George Orwell's 1984 and Today TV rots the senses in the head! It kills the imagination dead! It clogs and clutters up the mind! It makes a child so dull and blind. He can no longer understand a fantasy, A fairyland! His brain becomes as soft as cheese! His powers of thinking rust and freeze! An excerpt from Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, By Roald Dahl, 1964 When George Orwell’s epic novel 1984 was published in 1949 it opened the public’s imagination to a future world where privacy and freedom had no meaning. The year 1984 has come and gone and we generally believe ourselves to still live in â€Å"The Land of the Free;† however, as we now move into the 21st Century changes brought about by recent advances in technology have changed the way we live forever. Although these new developments have seamed to make everyday life more enjoyable, we must be cautious of the dangers that lie behind them for it is very possible that we are in fact living in a world more similar to that of 1984 than we would like to imagine. In 1949 when Orwell’s novel was published, television was a relatively new invention. Fewer than 10% of the United States households had a television set in them and at this time programming was limited to mainly news-oriented shows. Many people believed that television would never surpass radio as the chief means of mass communication; they could not have been more incorrect. Presently 98% of the households in the United States have one or more televisions in them. What once was regarded as a luxury item has become a staple appliance of the American household. Gone are the days of the three channel black and white programming of the early years; that has been replaced by digital flat screen televisions connected to satellite programming capable of receiving thousands of channels from around the world. Although televisions and television programming today differ from those of the telescreens in Orwell’s 1984, we are beginning to realize that the effects of television viewing may be the same as those of the telescreens. The telescreens in 1984 served two purposes, surveillance and mind control. Unlike the televisions of our present day, the telescreens in 1984 also served as a device constantly monitoring the citizen’s actions by means of an integrated camera and microphone in addition to broadcasting continuous p... ...her say to us â€Å"No, I’m sorry I can’t do that right now, I’m watching my show.† Americans have ceased to live their own lives and have practically become slaves to their televisions and the corporations that stand behind them. Unlike the citizens of Oceania, we are able to make our own decisions. We can turn off our televisions; we can live our own lives and make our own experiences. We can learn about and do practically anything we want. Most of us do not take advantage of this freedom. In fifty years when my generation has become grandparents, what stories will we have to tell our grandkids? Will they really want to hear about that episode of Friends that we loved so much? Will we really have any knowledge or experiences worthwhile to tell them? Perhaps it won’t even matter. Perhaps our grandkids will be too interested in what they are watching on television to even want to listen to us. Yes we live in the â€Å"Land of the Free,† but until we really start taking advantage our freedom to the fullest and pull ourselves away from the television we are no better off than the citizens of Oceania and the telescreens that surround them as they toil on in their non-eventful lives.